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Les bioplastiques, une bonne nouvelle pour l’environnement ? On fait le point !

Ils sont “biodégradables”, “biosourcés”, ou encore “compostables” et sont parfois présentés comme une solution à la pollution plastique. Aussi séduisants qu’ils soient, ces « bioplastiques» qui arrivent en masse dans nos magasins et nos entreprises ne constituent pas une solution miracle pour réduire nos déchets, et les slogans qui les accompagnent peuvent même se révéler contre productifs s’ ils impliquent un mauvais geste de tri. On vous aide à y voir plus clair parmi toutes ces allégations et labels en rappelant ici quelques bons réflexes.

Plastiques biosourcés et plastiques compostables, deux caractéristiques bien différentes

Quand le terme « bio » est adossé au mot plastique, la première chose est de vérifier à quoi cela fait référence exactement.

En effet, certains « bioplastiques », parfois aussi présentés comme « végétales» font référence à l’origine des polymères entrant dans la composition du plastique, qui peuvent être fabriqués à partir de matières issues de la biomasse (maïs, canne à sucre…) par opposition aux matières fossiles traditionnellement utilisées pour fabriquer du plastique (pétrole, charbon…). On parle alors plutôt de plastiques « biosourcés ». D’autres caractéristiques tiennent au devenir de ces déchets, on parle alors par exemple de plastiques “biodégradables” ou “compostables”.

Si intuitivement, on aurait tendance à penser qu’un plastique « végétal » est automatiquement biodégradable, ce n’est pas le cas ! L’origine des matières et le devenir du plastique une fois devenu déchet sont deux caractéristiques indépendantes l’une de l’autre. Autrement dit, un plastique « biosourcé » ne sera pas nécessairement plus facilement « biodégradable », et inversement.

“Biodégradable”, qu’est ce que ça signifie exactement ?

Et bien en réalité, pas grand chose !

D’un point de vu scientifique, le terme « biodégradable » désigne l’aptitude d’un produit à se décomposer et à être effectivement “bio-assimilé” par l’environnement (c’est à dire complètement transformé en molécules naturelles comme le carbone) sous l’action de micro-organismes et de facteurs tels que l’humidité, la chaleur ou la présence d’eau.

Dans l’absolu, toute matière est biodégradable, ce n’est qu’une question de temps… mais qui se chiffre parfois en centaines, voire milliers d’années !

En tant que consommateur, l’indication qu’un plastique est “biodégradable” ne vous garantit donc rien de la vitesse de cette dégradation, ni des conditions particulières, pas toujours réunies, dans lesquelles ce plastique pourra effectivement se “bio”-dégrader plus rapidement qu’un plastique conventionnel.

Bref, mieux vaut ne pas se fier à ce terme quand on recherche un produit écologique. En France, il est d’ailleurs prévu d’interdire l’apposition du terme “biodégradable” sur un produit ou un emballage au même titre que l’expression “respectueux de l’environnement”, tout aussi floue.

Qu’est ce qu’un plastique “compostable” ?

La notion de compostabilité des plastiques a le mérite d’être plus précise que celle de biodégradabilité : elle désigne des matières qui sont susceptibles de se dégrader en présence de déchets organiques et dans des conditions de compostage (montée en température, présence de micro-organismes spécifiques, etc). Il existe une norme européenne (EN 13432) qui garantit que le plastique est susceptible de se dégrader en condition de compostage industriel. Sur les emballages et les sacs plastiques, le respect de cette norme est souvent caractérisé par un logo comme celui “OK COMPOST”.

Quand un plastique est présenté comme biodégradable ou compostable, la première chose à faire est donc de chercher ce logo pour savoir si le matériau répond bien à à la norme et n’est pas juste un slogan marketing.

Les sacs compostables : la solution pour la collecte des biodéchets ?

Cependant, même si c’est le cas, il faut garder à l’esprit que ces plastiques compostables ne sont pas nécessairement écologiques !

En effet, pour se composter, ces plastiques doivent être triés séparément du reste des ordures avec les déchets organiques (restes de repas) et doivent être orientés vers une plateforme de compostage industrielle ou de méthanisation. Cela en fait une solution adaptée pour la collecte des biodéchets quand un sac est nécessaire (quand la commune l’impose par exemple). Dans ce cas, il faut à tout prix éviter les sacs plastiques traditionnels qui vont polluer le compost avec des microplastiques, et n’utiliser que des sacs effectivement compostables qui présentent le logo “OK Compost”.

Cependant, si il est possible de se passer de sac et de jeter les biodéchets en vrac dans le bac, c’est encore mieux. En effet, les plastiques compostables ne doivent pas représenter une trop grande quantité de déchets par rapport aux déchets organiques avec lesquels ils sont mélangés pour pouvoir effectivement se dégrader. Et même une fois compostés, ces plastiques ne présentent pas d’intérêts agronomiques spécifiques pour les sols et peuvent donc difficilement être qualifiés de solution d’économie circulaire, la matière étant de toute façon “perdue” plutôt que valorisée.

Les plastiques biosourcés : prudence sur l’origine de la matière

Le terme biosourcé se rapporte à une autre catégorie de bioplastiques, qui traite cette fois de la composition de la matière et non du devenir du déchet produit. “Biosourcé” signifie que la matière a été en partie (le terme peut être utilisé même si la part de biosourcé est en fait minime dans la composition) ou complètement fabriquée à partir de ressources issues de la biomasse (résidus de cultures agricoles, canne à sucre, pomme de terre…).

Si il peut être positif pour l’environnement de remplacer les matières fossiles par des matières renouvelables, il faut être vigilant sur l’origine de la matière ayant servi à produire le plastique. En effet, certains plastiques biosourcés sont par exemple fabriqués à base de canne à sucre, une plante cultivée très loin d’Europe, dont la culture nécessite beaucoup d’engrais et de pesticides.

Par ailleurs, les quantités de plastiques produites et consommées chaque année dans le monde sont telles que les substituer complètement par des matières naturelles entraînerait des effets contre-productifs certains : concurrence avec la production alimentaire, dégradation de la qualité des sols, impacts environnementaux liés aux cultures, etc.

Ainsi, vous l’aurez compris, la vigilance est de mise sur les alternatives “bio”, “végétales” ou “dégradables” en plastique. La solution à la pollution plastique se situe avant tout du côté de la réduction de notre consommation et du développement d’alternatives réutilisables aux produits et emballages à usage unique.

Le réutilisable bien souvent meilleur pour le climat que les emballages jetables

Un travail d’analyse mené par Reloop et Zero Waste Europe avec l’Université d’Utrecht a passé au crible plusieurs dizaines d’études comparant l’impact climatique des systèmes de réutilisation des emballages (souvent consignés) par rapport aux emballages jetables. Le sujet est âprement débattu depuis des années puisque les études menées en la matière donnent parfois des résultats contradictoires, en fonction des hypothèses posées au départ. L’ambition de cette recherche est ainsi de compiler tous ces résultats pour comprendre à quelles conditions la réutilisation des emballages constitue un bénéfice climatique par rapport aux emballages jetables.

Les emballages réutilisables : meilleurs pour le climat ? 

32 études ont ainsi été sélectionnées par les auteurs du rapport car elles répondaient à une série de critères attestant de leur sérieux : étude datant de moins de 20 ans, l’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) réalisée selon les standards ISO 14040- 14044, et comparant deux systèmes d’emballages (jetable/réutilisable) répondant au même usage. 

Premier enseignement : parmi ces études, 23 sur 32 (soit 72%) concluent que les emballages réutilisables sont meilleurs pour l’environnement que leur équivalent jetable. Certaines montrent ainsi que les bouteilles en verre réutilisables produisent 85% d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre de moins que le verre à usage unique, 75% de moins que les bouteilles en PET et 57% de moins que les canettes aluminium.

Cependant, cette seule observation n’est pas suffisante pour affirmer que le réutilisable est toujours plus intéressant pour le climat que le jetable. En effet, les résultats, positifs ou négatifs, vont varier dans chaque étude analysée en fonction de différents facteurs clés listés ci-dessous. Pour les auteurs du rapport ce sont donc sur ces facteurs qu’il faut travailler pour s’assurer que la substitution d’un emballage jetable par un contenant réutilisable sera meilleur pour le climat. 

Le procédé de fabrication de l’emballage 

Pour les emballages jetables, c’est systématiquement la phase de production de l’emballage qui est la plus impactante d’un point de vue climatique. Ainsi, en fonction de sa matière et du procédé de fabrication, l’emballage jetable sera responsable de plus ou moins d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre. 
→ C’est ce qui explique par exemple que toutes les études analysées concluent que les emballages en verre réutilisables sont meilleurs pour le climat que les emballages en verre à usage unique, et ce même à partir d’une seule réutilisation. En effet, la fabrication du verre est fortement émettrice de gaz à effet de serre, qui sont donc évitées à chaque réutilisation d’un emballage; 

Le nombre de réutilisation

Pour les emballages réutilisables, un facteur important du bilan environnemental est bien sûr le nombre de réutilisation de celui-ci. Chaque réutilisation permet en effet de compenser un peu plus l’impact de l’étape première de fabrication de l’emballage. Plus il est réutilisé (évitant ainsi la production de nouveaux emballages), plus l’impact de sa fabrication initiale devient minime. 

 Certaines études analysées indiquent ainsi que substituer une bouteille en PET jetable par une bouteille en verre réutilisable devient intéressant d’un point de vue climatique au bout de 10 ou 20 réutilisations de la bouteille. Une autre étude estime que pour une distance de transport réduite (200km), la bouteille en verre réutilisable est moins impactante que la bouteille en PET jetable dès la troisième réutilisation. Une autre étude estime que pour les gobelets réutilisables, il faudrait 10 réutilisations pour avoir un bénéfice environnemental du réutilisable.

Photo by Matthew T Rader on Unsplash

L’impact du transport

Au-delà du nombre de réutilisation, l’analyse des études montre que c’est aussi le transport notamment entre le lieu de collecte, de lavage et de re-remplissage du contenant (émis à chaque cycle de réutilisation) qui est le plus impactant. La plupart des études qui concluent à un impact négatif des emballages réutilisables le font d’ailleurs pour cette raison : des distances de transport trop grandes. Les émissions de GES dues au transport des emballages réutilisables dépendent elles-mêmes de trois paramètres : les distances, le poids des emballages transportés, et le mode de transport (le transport par bateau est par exemple nettement moins émetteur que par camion).

→ Une des études analysées conclut ainsi que la réutilisation des emballages est intéressante d’un point de vue climatique jusqu’à 1200 km de distance. 

Ainsi, cette vaste analyse des études réalisées sur le sujet permet de conclure que la réutilisation des emballages est bien souvent très bénéfique pour le climat, d’autant plus lorsque les distances de transport sont réduites (ce qui sera typiquement le cas pour un système de consigne en suisse), ou que le système vient remplacer des emballages en verre jusque là jetés après la première utilisation. Pour les producteurs qui voudraient maximiser le bénéfice climatique de leur système de réutilisation, reste à travailler pour : 

  • Assurer un grand nombre de réutilisation, ce qui nécessite bien souvent de mettre en place des systèmes de consigne pour s’assurer un bon taux de retour de l’emballage.
  • Optimiser la logistique : standardiser les contenants, privilégier des emballages empilables et profiter des livraisons de contenants pleins pour reprendre les vides.
  • Réduire les distances de transport entre le lieu de remplissage, de consommation et de lavage. 

Les écueils des méthodes d’analyses comparant emballages jetables et réutilisables

L’analyse de plusieurs études comparant l’impact environnemental du jetable par rapport au réutilisable permet également de pointer certaines limites des méthodes d’analyse utilisées, qui conduisent à favoriser les emballages jetables.

La première est la mauvaise prise en compte, dans les Analyses de Cycle de Vie, des risques de “fuites” dans l’environnement des emballages plastiques, dont on sait qu’elles ont un impact catastrophique sur l’environnement et la biodiversité. Ces risques de fuite, par définition imprévisibles et dépendant fortement du contexte de consommation du produit, ne sont pas forcément comptabilisés.

Autre biais dans les études : les méthodes de comptabilisation des bénéfices du recyclage (qui ont pour effet de réduire l’impact environnemental des emballages jetables dont une partie sera recyclée).

Certaines méthodes de comptabilisation des bénéfices du recyclage ne prennent pas en compte les pertes de matières ayant lieu au moment du recyclage ou l’impossibilité de recycler certaines matières pour fabriquer de nouveaux emballages, aboutissant en quelque sorte à “surestimer” les bénéfices environnementaux réels du recyclage. 

Zero Waste: Far more than just waste reduction

Waste nicely collected in a jar, chic metal tubes, elegant coffee-to-go cups, a beautifully sorted food cupboard – that’s what “Zero Waste” looks like on Instagram. Critics complain that it is a lifestyle for people with a lot of time and a bigger budget who want to salve their ecological conscience. With little or no effect at all, since waste is not a problem in Switzerland. Cleanly collected, our waste incinerators produce energy – and thus save oil. A new study by the University of Applied Sciences in Rapperswil even comes to the conclusion that waste in Switzerland has a positive climate balance.

It’s time for an explanation: what does “zero waste” mean? Can lifestyle change anything?

Waste is not just waste

There are arguments about the “Zero”: does it make sense? Wouldn’t “minimal waste” be the better term? Is that how you want to set absolute goals? We think so: What’s important is to have the right understanding of waste. The common translation to “waste” is not complete. According to the Oxford Dictionary, “waste” is: “An act or instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose”, casually translated is:

“Waste”, a carefree, wasteful approach to things.

That’s where Zero Waste comes in.

It’s not about the jar of junk (ref. to Bea Johnson). At its core, it’s about how we treat our environment. Do we treat our living space, our possessions and our fellow human beings with the respect they deserve? Do we value these things? Usually not enough, because many things have become a matter of course.

Anyone who also understands “waste” to mean the handling of our valuable resources such as water, electricity, energy, working hours, etc. will notice a big change. Consumer behaviour will become less, more conscious, fairer and more sustainable. “Zero Waste” combines sufficiency, the desire for a sustainable circular economy and the striving for the highest possible efficiency.

What to do against clothing waste?

80 billion clothes are produced in the world every year.

Their manufacture has a much greater environmental and social burden than we might imagine, as we can see on the picture on the left which shows what is needed for the production of a single T-shirt.

In Switzerland, more than 100,000 tonnes of new clothing are sold every year (source), while at the same time 57,000 tonnes of used textiles are collected by organisations working in the textile recycling industry. In addition, a large proportion of these garments are irreproachable. On average, around 11 kilos of textiles per person are thrown away (source FOEN).

To avoid this waste, here are some tips based on the R principle.

Refuse and rethink

Instead of a shopping spree, offer other activities such as a walk in the forest, a visit to an exhibition, a movie at the cinema, or just a drink with friends; it will be just as much fun, if not more.

Just before you go shopping (real or virtual), ask yourself the following questions:

  • Do I really need this garment?
  • Will I have a lot of fun wearing it?
  • Am I convinced of this purchase? Maybe I am only tempted because it is 50% off…

If the answer to one or more of these questions is no, then stop wasting your money and get out of the store (or website). You can always come back if you change your mind.

If by habit or lack of ideas you tend to offer clothes or accessories as gifts, here are some ideas to innovate for children’s birthdays or Christmas gifts.

Reduce

On average, 30% of the clothes we own are not worn and sleep in our wardrobes. Is it really useful to own 20 pairs of pants, 30 T-shirts and 15 pairs of shoes? The answer is probably no.

Sort through your clothes and take out the ones you no longer wear. You can donate them to charity (e.g. Caritas distributes them to disadvantaged people in Switzerland). Good quality, old-fashioned clothes will even help you get some money back and these are welcome in second-hand circuits. Avoid replacing them with new ones, a less furnished wardrobe with only the pieces we like is much more pleasant and saves you time.

Reuse and share

Address bookstores, second-hand shops, consignment stores, ad or auction websites, local groups on social networks, etc. There is no shortage of places to buy second-hand clothes and you can find them on our map of the Zero Waste friendly shops.

There is currently such an overabundance of clothing due to the “Fast Fashion” phenomenon that it takes a little time to find the right shops and a little experience to find good quality pieces. That said, the good news is that the prices are unbeatable, so you can save a lot of money while reducing your environmental impact. What’s more, the money spent often helps to create local jobs.

Repair

Your clothes with holes, too large or old-fashioned deserve a second chance! Especially if you like them a lot or the fabric is interesting. A sewing machine is your best ally in these cases (no need to buy one, for occasional use it is better to borrow it). Internet is full of tutorials to transform old-fashioned or too large pieces into unique pieces (upcycling). All kinds of repairs or alterations are also offered by professional sewing workshops.

Recycle

Used clothing can also be deposited in the containers provided for this purpose. Several organisations manage their valorisation and export in Switzerland. The proportion of what is valued in Switzerland or exported depends on this. Here are a few examples:

  • Textura collects 1,800 tonnes in almost 300 containers in the canton of Vaud and gives the items a second life locally by selling them in Ateapic shops. This is also the case for the containers of the Fribourg Croix-Rouge, which are revalued locally, particularly in the Zig-Zag Boutiques.
  • Tell-Tex has 3,000 containers in Switzerland and a sorting centre in Safenwil. A small part is donated free of charge to the inhabitants of the mountain regions in collaboration with the Swiss Mountain Aid, but the vast majority is exported.
  • TEXAID and its subsidiary Contex with its more than 6’000 containers, 35’000 tons collected all over Switzerland and its sorting plants – 1 in Switzerland and 5 abroad – is the biggest player. The garments are exported for resale abroad. According to TEXAID, around 35% of the clothing collected is considered unsuitable for wearing. They are normally recycled as rags (15%) or insulating materials (15%), while 5% are incinerated.

A few links

Other tricks

  • Bea Johnson’s book Zero Waste Home
  • Marie Kondo’s book The Magic of Tidying Up

Films and documentaries

Baby Zero Waste – Test out the new generation of cloth diapers!

More and more parents and families are choosing cloth diapers to take care of baby Zero Waste ; it has become an essential hygiene accessory. The latest generation of cloth diapers has the advantage of being efficient and durable. In the long term, the cost of using cloth diapers is lower than the cost of using disposable ones. How do these diapers stand out against industrial disposable diapers?

1. Disponible diapers, what do they entail ?

When we talk about disposable diapers, we think about the useful advantage of not having to worry about washing them. They just have to be folded up and thrown away after use. Regarding their composition, these diapers are made up of between 75% and 95% plastic and petrochemical materials, of which « (…) an impermeable external plastic material (polypropylene or polyethylene), a gel absorbant (sodium polyacrylate) and an outer paper leaf » .

The use of disposable diapers hides another reality, that of waste production (about 5000 disposable diapers are discarded during the first two years of life). Until a child gets potty trained, it’ll have gone through on average « (…) a ton of dirtied disposable diapers, or 35 m3 in waste (…) » of which « (…) 25 kg of polypropylene plastic, the equivalent of 67 kg of petrol in energy (about a cup of petrol per diaper), and 5 trees ». The consequences on the environment are important to note: the disposable diapers will take 200 to 500 years in nature to decompose, raw materials will be used in excess, and partially wasted, to create these diapers, and upon incineration of the diapers toxic waste will be released into the atmosphere.

On an economic standpoint, it costs between 2’000 and 2’500 CHF to provide disposable diapers for a child until it gets potty trained. Disposable diapers also represent a cost in waste management, cost that falls back onto the community.

2. Washable diapers, from our grandmother’s cloth to the diapers now ?

As soon as we talk about cloth diapers, it reminds us of the simple cloth diapers made up of a big fabric rectangle. Mom would take care of grooming baby and would wash the diapers as well. However, the latest generation of cloth diapers has evolved well in terms of both composition and absorption capacity.

Cloth diapers are simply diapers that can be kept and reused. They are made up of an outer waterproof protective panty and an inner part made of an absorbent fabric : either organic cotton, bamboo viscose, microfibre, organic hemp, etc.

The actors involved in the production of these diapers compete in ingenuity in terms of design, patterns, and the clasp system used. While some use Velcro, others use a press-stud system that is positioned along the outside of the diaper and that adapts more easily to the baby’s size. Different models are on the market, amongst which we can mention: the all-in-one diaper (TE1) and the pocket diaper, the all-in-two diapers (TE2 : diaper with removable inserts) or just the old-fashioned diaper.

3. Cleaning and maintenance

The freshly collected diaper should be scraped off into the toilet. It can then be stored with the other dirty diapers (e. g. in a bin or a big diaper bag) until the next load of laundry. Make sure to rinse the diapers thoroughly (either with a shower jet or in the machine, on the rinse cycle) before starting the washing process. You can wash the diapers on their own or mixed with the rest of your laundry at 60° with an ecological detergent.

4. What do the Zero Wasters think about these diapers ?

Juliana, mother of 2 boys, had a very positive experience with cloth diapers. She recommends that all new parents at least try this method with their baby to see if it suits them or not. Juliana says « (she) understands that with our current rhythm of life, it may not suit everyone » but it’s good to at least try. In addition to the ecological aspect, there are significant savings to be made, especially from the second child onwards, she adds.

She also recommends :

  • Combining cloth diapers with elimination communication, « it worked great with my first son. At 6 months old he was using the potty and only used the reusable diapers to pee, an absolute delight! »
  • Not systematically investing a lot of money in equipment immediately, especially if you are not sure you want to commit 100%. You can buy cloth diapers second-hand as well, « on Anibis I found a kit, virtually unused, for 100 CHF. I also bought diapers that had already been worn and they work perfectly well ».
  • Testing the diapers before buying them. Some stores rent “test kits” that allow you to test different models/brands before buying. You can also borrow diapers from a friend whose children are older (this is what she did at the beginning).
  • Participating in free information sessions on cloth diapers offered by some stores such as “Mère et Terre” in Chavornay.
  • Using washable protective veils  « a piece of microfliber cloth works well ». Especially since disposable protective veils, contrary to popular beliefs, should not be flushed down the toilet (even 100% biodegradable, they do not dissolve in water and get stuck in the screens at the entrance of the wastewater treatment plants). If you use these paper veils, you have to throw them away, which makes a small amount of waste (certainly, always better than disposable diapers).

Aline, mother of a 6-month-old daughter, says her experience with cloth diapers was very successful. According to her, the diapers (from the Bumgenius brand) are comfortable and do not pose any skin problems (except for a little redness in the first few weeks, when baby’s skin is still fragile).

She also added that she experienced very few leaks; a very important point. For her daughter, she chose evolutionary diapers with press-studs, with inserts that can be slipped inside. She bought them second hand on Anibis for a total of about 300 CHF- for 30 diapers!

When buying cloth diapers, she made the following recommendations :

  • When buying second-hand diapers, be wary of completely white diapers. They may have been bleached and if so, they will be less waterproof. Used diapers are usually stained  (even if they have been cleaned and disinfected).
  • It is preferable to avoid velcro diapers, as this material is more difficult to wash, especially if you use a washing service where several babies’ diapers are washed together!
  • Avoid all-in-one diapers with inserts completely sewn onto the diaper, as they take a long time to dry. Those with inserts that can be taken out, or those with inserts sewn only on one side, dry much faster. Otherwise, all the layers of fabric stay together and the diaper dries very slowly.
  • As far as washing is concerned, Aline uses an eco diaper service, éco-couches.ch (70.-/month). This service comes to your home twice a week to collect the bag of dirty diapers and drops off clean diapers. This allows you to use cloth diapers even when you don’t have access to a laundry room very regularly. Moreover, with this service, using cloth diapers no longer requires any additional work. It’s even less work, as there’s no longer the need to go buy diapers! And in terms of budget, the price of the laundry service is no more expensive than the purchase of disposable diapers! It is also possible to rent the diapers from Eco-couches for 30 extra francs per month. After testing their rental diapers when she didn’t have hers yet, Aline found them to be really comfortable, efficient and pretty as well! Eco-couches distributes in the Lausanne, Geneva and coastal regions and has a very friendly personal service.

Bruna, mother of two daughters, started using cloth diapers 3 years ago, when her first daughter was born. For her, « the world of cloth diapers is a little scary at first, with all those unknown words: Te2, insert, booster, microfiber … ». So, after reading several blogs and receiving advice from Facebook group speakers on cloth diapers, she decided to purchase the  best bottoms diapers, with a removable insert and equipped with press-studs. « My husband and I were immediately impressed by their designs (babies’ bottoms are much more fun and unique thanks to them) and also by the fact that we could keep using them until our daughter got completely potty trained. »

Her first experience with cloth diapers was more than positive. Firstly, her daughter’s bottom got irritated only very rarely. On top of that, at 18 months she was completely potty trained, and, to Bruna’s husband’s delight, this method saved the couple 1800 CHF. When their second daughter was born, the couple wanted to repeat this positive experience. This time, they invested in “newborn” diapers because their second daughter had arrived 3 weeks prematurely, making the evolutionary diapers they had chosen too large. « For this investment, we preferred to buy second hand (used diapers Facebook group), which allowed us to acquire a variety of diaper models. The day we left the maternity ward, we were very proud to be able to put our second baby in her first cloth diaper. « This was a big hit in the maternity ward because the diaper was so colorful! » she adds.

Strengthened by this happy experience, Bruna answers some of the questions she is frequently asked:

  1. Does poo end up in the washing machine? Answer – No, it doesn’t. The poo is flushed down the toilet before the diapers are put in a storage bag until the next load of laundry.
  2. Do you experience more leaks than with disposables? Answer – No, not if  we change baby every 3 hours during the day. In the evening we can use additional inserts to increase the diaper’s absorption capacity. Our first daughter quickly slept through 12-hour nights and we didn’t have many accidents. In addition, thanks to the double gussets system (elastic bands located on the thighs) the diapers are equipped with, leakage risks are reduced.
  3. Do you wash your clothes with diapers? Answer – Yes! We wash our clothes with the diapers. We do a rinse and spin cycle with the diapers only and then we complete the machine with our clothes.
  4. How long does it take for the diapers to dry? Answer – It depends on the model. We have TE2s (diapers made up of two separate parts) that dry overnight in our bathroom.
  5. How many loads of laundry do you have to do? Answer – We do a load every 2 days. This is very dependent on the amount of diapers we own. If we had more, we could do laundry every three days.
  6. What to you do about your diapers while you’re on vacation? Answer – Well, we take our diapers, along with our detergent, which contains only a very small amount of glycerin, so as not to make the absorbant part of our diapers waterproof. Our detergent is ecological and purchased in bulk.

5. Recommandations

  • Do not buy large amounts of the same diaper model. You don’t know ahead of time how your baby will adapt to the diapers and sometimes they won’t fit the baby’s morphology. To start, rent or borrow diapers from friends.
  • Newborn diapers (2-5kg) are really well suited for the first few weeks of life.
  • The double gussets on certain diapers reduce the possibility of leaks. Leaks may occur if the diapers are not tight enough or if the absorbent part has some build up on it.
  • Removing build up every 3 months or when you see the water beading on the absorbent part is recommended.
  • A soap-free rinsing and spinning before washing the diapers helps to avoid possible odors.
  • Use a detergent with little glycerin to avoid making the absorbent parts waterproof.
  • When children are getting potty trained, you can use special panties with small absorbent inserts.
  • There are specialized panties that can hold a poo for when in the pool.
  • There are several Facebook groups available to you. There is one where you can find second-hand cloth diapers in Switzerland and another where you can ask all your questions about cloth diapers.

Conclusion

More than a consumption choice, the use of cloth diapers represents the adoption of a lifestyle habit in your baby’s eco-responsible development cycle. « The use of cloth diapers only posses an organizational issue. As soon as you are equipped, you no longer see the difference with using disposables, because they are just as easy and practical to use » testifies Bruna.

There are many benefits to using cloth diapers, including improved health for you baby, a lowered ecological footprint and long-term money savings. However, it remains true that some aspects, such as the bulk they add to the child’s body or the drying time (TE1 layers), may warrant some consideration.

« Tested and adopted », do not hesitate to test the different models of cloth diapers in order to refine your choice of behavior for your Zero Waste Baby.

Cleanups: more than treating the symptoms

Switzerland has a littering problem. This is proven in the latest Swiss Litter Report by Stop Plastic Pollution (STOPPP) and WWF. The fact that our streets are relatively clean, we thank first and foremost our city and municipal workers, who are cleaning up behind us day in and day out. Everyone, who takes a stroll off the beaten path or early in the morning when the city cleaning has begun, notices this. 

The littering problem seeps more and more into the consciousness of the population. Media report about it and initiatives and organizations like Trash Hero Switzerland organize trash collection throughout Switzerland. Since a few years now, the Interest Group Clean Environment (IGSU) has dedicated a national Clean-Up-Day against littering in Switzerland. For two days, groups throughout Switzerland assemble to collectively gather litter from the neighborhoods and streets.

Actions like the Clean-Up-Day, along with other smaller initiatives also illustrate to the participants how much trash in Switzerland lands in the environment. But it is not just litter that lands in the environment that is problematic. In Switzerland, the average citizen produces 2 kg of trash per day – mostly without even thinking about it. We are convinced: It is central that the inhabitants of Switzerland begin to think about their trash, from where does it come, what happens to it, why do we produce so much trash. This way we can begin, cautiously and consciously, to consume with less waste. And we are convinced that this way, less trash will land in the environment.

Yes, Cleanups are valuable and important. They make our trash problem visible. This is crucial, but not enough. We can achieve a long-term improvement when we show the participants of the Cleanups (and the whole population) that each of us in our everyday lives has a personal contribution to give to help achieve a cleaner and more environmentally-friendly Switzerland. One step at a time, together we can change this, until one day hopefully no more Cleanups are necessary.

Author : Michelle Sandmeier, Vice-president of ZeroWaste Switzerland

Study: Does plastic packaging reduce food waste?

Plastic packaging helps to keep food fresh for longer. It’s therefore important in the fight against food wastage” – that’s the argument put forward by retailers and manufacturers to justify their love of plastic. But a study by Zero Waste Europe and Friends of the Earth Europe shows that it’s not quite that simple.

Between 2004 and 2014 in the EU the amount of food wasted grew along with the use of plastic packaging, both by around 50%. But that’s not the full story: in some cases plastic packaging has even led to more food waste.

Plastic is (almost) everywhere

A full 37% of all food sold in the EU comes wrapped in plastic of some sort. That makes plastic the most commonly-used material for packaging. Unfortunately there are no statistics available on this for Switzerland, but even a quick stroll around supermarket aisles will most likely be enough for you to conclude that that percentage will hardly be much less here.

Packaging can increase food waste

Fixed-size packaging can even sometimes lead to more food being wasted. A concrete example from the study looks at green beans. These beans have to be cut in order to fit them in the plastic packaging. However this chopping results in 30-40% of the beans landing in the trash can.

Packing also leads to consumers buying more food than they need. For example it’s often more convenient to just grab a 2.5kg bag of potatoes than to select and weigh the 700g you actually need. Yet the leftovers from that big bag all too often end up as garbage.

An expensive waste

Food waste costs the EU 143 billion Euros every year and the average EU citizen throws away 173kg of food over that same period. It’s worth nothing that in England, for example, more than a quarter of food is thrown away in its original packaging!

If you’re astounded by these numbers, then you’d better take a seat for their Swiss equivalents: 290kg of food waste is thrown away each year by the average Swiss citizen and a full third of that waste comes from private households.

According to the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), every Swiss household spends CHF 2000 per year on food that ultimately ends up in the garbage can. That’s a lot of money, even for well-off Switzerland! (Source: Environment Switzerland 2015, FOEN)

Low recycling rate

Per person, Europeans throw away 30kg of plastic packaging every year. Less than a third of that is recycled. The majority of plastic packaging is used only once and the study shows that around 95% of the value of the packaging is therefore lost. These losses approximately add up to a EUR 100 billion black hole for the global economy.

In Switzerland the total weight of the artificial packaging used by households amounts to 302,000 tonnes (includes not only packaging from food waste). That comes in at around 36kg per person or just slightly higher than the equivalent EU figure. Around 60,000 tonnes of that 302,000 is recycled (includes PET). (Source: Carbotech AG und UMTEC Rapperswil, KuRVe)

Health implications

Last but not least, there are growing indications that single-use materials like plastic can pose a health risk to consumers. Chemicals can “migrate” from packaging into food products themselves, which we then subsequently consume.

Avoid food waste

More and more people are becoming aware of just how much money and how many valuable resources we waste by throwing out food. Depending on what, how much, and where we shop, as well as on how we consume, we can make a significant difference as consumers. You can find the most important tips on how to avoid food waste in a previous article.

Further reading

  • On foodwaste.ch you’ll find information and useful tips related to food waste in Switzerland.
  • On Too good to go you can help restaurants to throw out less food by buying leftover food and meals at a discounted price.
  • On Ässbar you’ll find freshly-baked pastries…from yesterday.
  • On Foodsharing you can take a more active role in the fight against food waste.

More about the study by Zero Waste Europe und Friends of the Earth Europe.

Food waste and what you can do to prevent it

Foodwaste.ch and the Kanton Zürich have published together the report “No Waste, let’s taste”. In this article you will find the most important facts, figures, and advice on how to prevent food waste.Food waste in Switzerland

The term food waste refers to food that is wasted, although it is fit for human consumption. Inedible parts, such as bones, are not food waste. Neither is food that is used for bio fuel or for animals.

About a third of all edible food in Switzerland goes to waste. All in all, this amounts to 2.5 billion kilograms per year. These food products are wasted at different stages during their journey from field to stomach.

  • Discarded fruit and vegetables: They are either too big, too small, or are shaped unusually.
  • Surplus of production
  • Losses while transporting food. There is food waste if the packaging is damaged or the food spoils during transportation.
  • Food that is not sold prior to its expiration date in the shops
  • Leftovers in restaurants or with caterers.
  • Food waste in private households.

Nearly half of all food waste in Switzerland—45 percent—is produced in private households. Together, we can make a great difference! With some easy tips, you can prevent food waste.

  • Have a look at what is in your fridge and write a shopping list. You will only buy what you really need this way.
  • Choose bulk items. There is more than one advantage to bulk. You reduce your packaging and you will only buy as much as you can eat.
  • Choose regional and seasonal products. That way you reduce the need for long-distance transportation of goods. This does not only reduce your carbon footprint, but it will also generate less food waste. And: if you buy from farmers in your vicinity, you always know where your food comes from.
  • Buy fresh products on sale: they will most probably be disposed of the next day.

Tips for consuming

  • Nose to tail: Meat uses lots of resources. Then why should we only eat the filet? With a good recipe, there are tasty scraps waiting.
  • Leaf to root: There are lots of plants that you can eat leaf to root. If you grate your vegetables, there is no need to peel them. And, for example you can cook radish greens as if it were spinach: put it in your salad or into a smoothie.
  • Leftover menus: Did you cook too much? No worries, just pack your leftovers for lunch. Or you can create a whole new menu with them – don’t be afraid to try something new.
  • Trust your senses: “Best before” dates are mostly here because of legal regulations. A passed expiration date does not mean the food is spoiled. Your senses can tell you if food is spoiled, trust them! Is there mold? Has the taste or smell changed? If you can answer these questions with “no” the food should still be safe.

Tips for storage

  • Store it where you can see it: You will most probably not waste any food you can see every day. So store your newly-purchased groceries behind the older ones. After your next shopping trip, they will move forward. With this technique, you will no longer forget any food in the back of your fridge.
  • Store it correctly: You can prevent food waste by storing your food the right way. Store them in airtight containers or bags and at the right temperature. Foodwaste has more advice for storing different groceries.
  • Freeze: freeze food early on. Did you know that you can use glass containers for freezing your food? Just make sure that you leave some extra space in them.
  • Conserve: There are many ways to conserve food. You can dry leftover vegetables and herbs or make tasty sauces with them. With fruit, you can create nice juices, syrups, or jam.

Do you still have some food waste that you could not prevent? By composting this you turn it into precious new nutrients.

You can find more information and advice on foodwaste website.

Have you got too much food at home? You can share your food with others on foodsharingschweiz. Together we prevent food from being wasted.

Goods or services sharing platforms

We lend, we exchange, we share and most of all we simplify our lives!

A zero waste lifestyle encourages that we REUSE objects and that we repair instead of throwing away what is no longer functioning.

We buy, we consume and we throw away, too quickly but sometimes, a simple fix could give some objects a second life

There are platforms permitting to find help for tasks linked to DIY or repairing, to facilitate exchanges, and to locate the person, the service or the object you are looking for. This type of platform not only allows to reduce our production of waste, but also revitalizes human and social relationships, promotes a fair consumption, and encourages local economy.

Here is a good alternative to disposable goods and a good way to embrace a more minimalist lifestyle. You no longer need to own any tools, you can share them as well as the expertise of your neighbors and you may even like to spend and share a nice moment chatting with them!

Website: https://locircus.ch

In the same spirit, but with no paiements involved, we like the idea of placing stickers on our mailboxes to announce our neighbors what we possess and that we would be happy to lend. The website www.pumpipumpe.ch is offering a large choice of stickers for all kind of objects and help to get in touch with your neighbors and helps with the good relationships! One word for this laternative: SHARING! This not-for-profit association is indeed trying to favore free sharing instead of payable renting.

To facilitate the research of objects, this platform has also recently integrated a nice tool called the Pumpipume Map!

Website: www.pumpipumpe.ch

Another intiviative helping to REUSE, Keepinuse.ch is advertised as a small ads website, where you can donate or look for objects for free. Since its creation in 2013, this webiste, not-for-profite either, has already permitted the exchange of 3000 exchanges between pairs. So many objects saved from the trash!

To exchange, barter, borrow and share, this concept is nothing but new: The Local Exchange Systems (SEL) are born in Canada in the 1980’s, and arrived in Switzerland in 1997. The Romandie region currently counts 22 SEL. Their principle is to exchange services, know-hows, or goods, between members of a network based on a virtual money, exchangeable for actual money.

A few examples of exchanges in the zero waste philosophy:

  • Repair a broken chair or fix a holey pant
  • Lend a raclette set or a pair of snowshoes
  • Liquid soap from natural products in bulk DIY workshop
  • « Buying » (with your local money) liquid washing product homemade by another member (and using your owm recipient !)
  • Discover a new activity with your family: Visiting a famr with a night under the stars on the hay
  • Advises to fabric a compost bin in your backyard (or a vermicomposter bin for the kitchen or the balcony)

More websites :

www.echanger.ch : to exchange, donate, lend or give goods or services.

ZeroWaste Switzerland may only encourage those initiatives favoring that we REUSE most objects, and avoid to buy new stuff that we will only use once or twice (I am looking at you, drill!) encouraging people to find again those simple values based on exchanges, free and collaborative sympathy.

Ready, set, …SHARE!

Clothes Swapping Market

Is your closet also that full, you almost can’t find your stuff? Do you also have loads of cool garments   you are just not going to wear anymore? Don’t throw these garments away, because another person will just love to reuse it (provided that it is in a good condition). An Alternative to buying new clothes are so called Clothes Swapping Markets or Clothes Swapping Parties.You can bring the garments that you won’t wear anymore and swap them for another „new“ item you like. Usually music, drinks and cake give the event an additional relaxing atmosphere which makes you want to hang out some more.

Swap Markets like these, are not only useful, they also encourage you to change your way of thinking. Whenever you don’t buy new clothes (or any item as a matter of fact) and reuse already existing ones, you save resources. As you bought/reuse an item that exists already, water, electricity etc that is used to grow and produce an item, was saved. The consumption of cheap clothing which comes along with poor working conditions is not supported. Therefore, you can now and then treat yourself to a more expensive item, which is produced under fair working conditions.

Do you feel like visiting such a Clothes Swapping Market? Check out our Agenda section where such events will be published.

Secondhandshops

If you are short in time, there are some online buy and sell possibilities :